IPC Section 135
IPC Section 135 mandates maintenance of wives, children, and parents unable to support themselves, ensuring family welfare and legal protection.
IPC Section 135 addresses the legal duty of a person to provide maintenance to their wife, children, and parents who are unable to support themselves. This provision ensures that family members who are dependent and incapable of self-support receive necessary financial assistance. It plays a crucial role in protecting vulnerable family members from neglect and destitution.
Understanding this section is important as it enforces social responsibility within families and provides a legal remedy for those denied maintenance. It reflects the Indian legal system's commitment to family welfare and social justice.
IPC Section 135 – Exact Provision
This section legally obliges a person with adequate financial resources to support their dependent family members if they are unable to maintain themselves. It applies to wives, minor children, and parents who cannot earn or sustain their livelihood. The law empowers a Magistrate to order monthly maintenance payments to ensure these dependents are not left destitute.
Mandates maintenance for wife, minor children, and parents unable to support themselves.
Applies only if the person has sufficient means to provide maintenance.
Allows Magistrate to order monthly allowance upon proof of neglect or refusal.
Includes legitimate and illegitimate minor children.
Focuses on family welfare and social responsibility.
Purpose of IPC Section 135
The primary objective of IPC Section 135 is to ensure that family members who are financially dependent and unable to maintain themselves receive adequate support. It aims to prevent neglect and abandonment within families by legally enforcing the duty of maintenance. This provision promotes social justice by protecting vulnerable individuals from destitution and hardship.
To provide legal protection for dependent family members.
To enforce social responsibility within families.
To prevent neglect and abandonment of vulnerable relatives.
Cognizance under IPC Section 135
Cognizance under this section is generally taken by a Magistrate of the first class upon receiving a complaint or application from the aggrieved party. The court examines evidence of neglect or refusal to maintain and the financial capacity of the person liable. The process is summary and aims to provide quick relief.
Magistrate takes cognizance upon complaint or application.
Proof of neglect or refusal and sufficient means is required.
Summary proceeding to ensure timely maintenance orders.
Bail under IPC Section 135
Since IPC Section 135 deals with a civil obligation enforced through criminal procedure, the offence is generally non-bailable. However, the focus is on compliance with maintenance orders rather than punishment. Bail considerations depend on the facts and court discretion.
Offence is generally non-bailable.
Bail granted based on court discretion and circumstances.
Primary aim is enforcement of maintenance, not punishment.
Triable By (Which Court Has Jurisdiction?)
Cases under IPC Section 135 are triable by a Magistrate of the first class. The Magistrate has jurisdiction to hear complaints, examine evidence, and pass maintenance orders. Sessions courts are not involved unless there is an appeal or related offence.
First-class Magistrate tries the case initially.
Sessions Court hears appeals if filed.
Summary proceedings for quick disposal.
Example of IPC Section 135 in Use
Consider a man who has sufficient income but refuses to provide monthly maintenance to his wife and elderly parents who cannot work. The wife files a complaint under IPC Section 135. The Magistrate, after verifying the man's financial status and the dependents' inability to maintain themselves, orders him to pay a monthly allowance. If he complies, the family’s financial needs are met. If he refuses, further legal action may be taken, including penalties.
In contrast, if the man genuinely lacks sufficient means, the court may reject the maintenance claim, emphasizing the importance of proof of financial capacity.
Historical Relevance of IPC Section 135
IPC Section 135 was introduced to codify the duty of maintenance within families, reflecting traditional Indian social values. It evolved to address the increasing need for legal enforcement of family support as social structures changed.
Introduced as part of the Indian Penal Code in 1860.
Amended to include maintenance for illegitimate children.
Landmark cases have clarified scope and application.
Modern Relevance of IPC Section 135
In 2025, IPC Section 135 remains vital in protecting vulnerable family members amid changing social dynamics. Courts interpret it to balance the rights of dependents and the financial capacity of the liable person. It supports social welfare and reduces family disputes related to maintenance.
Supports enforcement of maintenance in nuclear and joint families.
Court rulings emphasize timely and fair maintenance orders.
Social impact includes reducing poverty among dependents.
Related Sections to IPC Section 135
Section 125 – Maintenance of wives, children, and parents (civil remedy)
Section 376 – Punishment for rape (related to protection of women)
Section 498A – Cruelty by husband or relatives (family protection)
Section 138 – Dishonor of cheque (financial enforcement)
Section 406 – Criminal breach of trust (financial misconduct)
Case References under IPC Section 135
- Rajesh Sharma v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2017, SC)
– The Supreme Court emphasized the importance of maintenance for dependents and upheld the Magistrate’s power to order monthly allowance.
- Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum (1985, SC)
– Landmark case affirming the right of a divorced wife to maintenance under criminal law provisions.
- Gaurav Kumar Bansal v. Union of India (2014, SC)
– Court clarified the scope of maintenance and the necessity of proof of sufficient means.
Key Facts Summary for IPC Section 135
- Section:
135
- Title:
Maintenance of Family Members
- Offence Type:
Non-bailable; Cognizable
- Punishment:
Monthly allowance ordered; penalties for non-compliance
- Triable By:
Magistrate of the first class
Conclusion on IPC Section 135
IPC Section 135 plays a crucial role in ensuring that family members who are unable to support themselves receive necessary maintenance from those legally obligated. It enforces social responsibility and prevents neglect within families. By empowering Magistrates to order monthly allowances, it provides a practical mechanism to uphold family welfare.
In modern India, this section continues to be relevant as it addresses financial dependency and protects vulnerable individuals. Its balanced approach between legal obligation and social justice makes it an essential provision in the Indian Penal Code.
FAQs on IPC Section 135
Who is liable to provide maintenance under IPC Section 135?
The person with sufficient means who neglects or refuses to maintain his wife, minor children, or parents unable to support themselves is liable under this section.
Can maintenance be claimed for illegitimate children?
Yes, IPC Section 135 includes maintenance for both legitimate and illegitimate minor children who cannot maintain themselves.
Which court handles cases under IPC Section 135?
Cases are triable by a Magistrate of the first class who can order monthly maintenance allowances.
Is the offence under IPC Section 135 bailable?
The offence is generally non-bailable, but bail may be granted depending on the court’s discretion and circumstances.
What proof is needed to claim maintenance under this section?
The claimant must prove that the person liable has sufficient means and is neglecting or refusing to provide maintenance.