IPC Section 472

IPC Section 472 addresses the crime of using a forged document as if it were genuine. This section is crucial because it targets the misuse of false documents to deceive others or gain unlawful advantage. Understanding this section helps in recognizing the legal boundaries against forgery and protecting the integrity of documents in civil and criminal matters.

The law ensures that anyone who knowingly uses a forged document with intent to cause damage or injury to any person is held accountable. This protects individuals and institutions from fraud and maintains trust in official and private documentation.

IPC Section 472 – Exact Provision

In simple terms, this section punishes a person who knowingly uses a forged document as if it were real. The key elements are the knowledge or reason to believe the document is forged and the dishonest use of that document. The punishment can be imprisonment up to seven years and a fine.

• Applies when a forged document is used as genuine.

• Requires knowledge or reason to believe the document is forged.

• Intent to deceive or cause harm is essential.

• Punishment includes imprisonment and fine.

• Protects public and private interests from fraud.

Purpose of IPC Section 472

The legal objective of IPC Section 472 is to prevent and penalize the misuse of forged documents. It aims to safeguard the authenticity of documents and ensure that individuals or entities do not suffer harm due to fraudulent papers. This section deters forgery-related crimes by imposing strict penalties on those who use forged documents knowingly.

• To maintain trust in official and private documents.

• To deter fraudulent activities involving forged papers.

• To provide legal recourse against document misuse.

Cognizance under IPC Section 472

Cognizance of offences under Section 472 is generally taken when a complaint or report is made by the affected party or discovered during investigation. Courts act upon evidence that proves the document was forged and used dishonestly.

• Courts take cognizance on police reports or complaints.

• Requires prima facie evidence of forged document usage.

• Investigation by police or authorized agencies precedes cognizance.

Bail under IPC Section 472

The offence under IPC Section 472 is non-bailable due to its serious nature involving fraud and dishonesty. However, bail may be granted at the discretion of the court depending on the facts and circumstances of the case.

• Generally considered a non-bailable offence.

• Bail granted based on court’s discretion and case merits.

• Severity of offence and evidence influence bail decisions.

Triable By (Which Court Has Jurisdiction?)

Offences under IPC Section 472 are triable by the Sessions Court because of their serious nature and the potential punishment of imprisonment up to seven years. Magistrate courts may handle preliminary matters but the trial usually proceeds in Sessions Court.

• Sessions Court tries the offence due to imprisonment term.

• Magistrate courts may conduct initial hearings or bail applications.

• Complex cases involving forgery often escalated to higher courts.

Example of IPC Section 472 in Use

Suppose a person uses a forged property sale deed to claim ownership of a house. Knowing the document is forged, he presents it to the land registry office to transfer the property. Upon discovery, he is charged under Section 472 for using a forged document as genuine. If proven, he faces imprisonment and fine. Conversely, if he genuinely believed the document was authentic, he may not be held liable under this section.

Historical Relevance of IPC Section 472

Section 472 has its roots in the colonial Indian Penal Code formulated in 1860. It was designed to address the growing problem of forgery and fraudulent document use during the British era, ensuring legal protection for property and contractual rights.

• Introduced in IPC, 1860 to combat forgery crimes.

• Amended over time to clarify scope and punishment.

• Landmark cases have shaped its interpretation.

Modern Relevance of IPC Section 472

In 2025, Section 472 remains vital due to increasing document fraud in digital and physical forms. Courts have interpreted it to include electronic documents and digital signatures. Its enforcement helps curb identity theft, financial fraud, and cybercrimes involving forged documents.

• Expanded to cover digital and electronic documents.

• Supports anti-fraud measures in banking and property sectors.

• Courts emphasize strict proof of knowledge and intent.

Related Sections to IPC Section 472

• Section 463 – Definition of Forgery

• Section 464 – Making a Forged Document

• Section 465 – Punishment for Forgery

• Section 466 – Forgery of Document Used in Court

• Section 471 – Using as Genuine a Forged Document (general)

• Section 474 – Having Forged Documents in Possession

Case References under IPC Section 472

1. State of Maharashtra v. Mohd. Yakub (1960 AIR 550, SC)

   – The Court held that knowledge of forgery is essential for conviction under Section 472.

2. Ram Narain v. State of U.P. (1964 AIR 1520, SC)

   – Established that mere possession of forged documents is insufficient without dishonest use.

3. Gurbachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1969 AIR 319, SC)

   – Clarified that intent to cause injury is a key element for Section 472 offence.

Key Facts Summary for IPC Section 472

• Section:

  472

• Title:

  Using Forged Document as Genuine

• Offence Type:

  Non-bailable; Cognizable

• Punishment:

  Imprisonment up to 7 years and fine

• Triable By:

  Sessions Court

Conclusion on IPC Section 472

IPC Section 472 plays a crucial role in protecting the authenticity and reliability of documents in India. By penalizing the dishonest use of forged documents, it deters fraud and upholds legal and commercial trust. This section is essential for maintaining order in property transactions, contracts, and official dealings.

In the modern era, with the rise of digital documentation, Section 472’s scope has expanded to address new challenges. Its enforcement ensures that individuals and institutions can rely on the genuineness of documents, thereby supporting justice and fairness in society.

FAQs on IPC Section 472

What is the main offence under IPC Section 472?

The main offence is using a forged document as if it were genuine, knowing or believing it to be forged, with intent to deceive or cause harm.

Is IPC Section 472 a bailable offence?

No, it is generally a non-bailable offence due to its serious nature involving fraud and dishonesty.

Which court tries offences under Section 472?

Offences under Section 472 are triable by the Sessions Court because of the severity of punishment involved.

Does Section 472 cover digital documents?

Yes, courts have interpreted Section 472 to include electronic and digital documents used fraudulently.

What is the punishment for using a forged document under Section 472?

The punishment can extend to imprisonment for up to seven years and a fine, depending on the case facts.